Specialist insect choice their host plant by recognizing the secondary metabolites one specific hostplant compound present. The sensory systems involved in making the selection are presented together with. Knowledge of natural selection leads to theoretical predictions about how adult behaviour might respond to host quality, the abundance of hostplants, adult eggload, age and available search time. A general model for host plant selection in phytophagous. The evolutionary ecology of insect resistance to plant. Coevolution is the generally accepted theory for the evolution of insecthostplant relationships, however, it can be shown that its main premisses are inadequate. The importance of insects as crop pests, and the great potential of insects for the. The sequence of steps in host selection includes habitat location, host location, host acceptance, and host. In comparison to the major ecological and evolutionary questions, it may seem trivial. Identifying the mechanisms involved in host plant specialization is crucial to understand the role of divergent selection between different environments in species diversification, and to identify sustainable targets for the management of. The goal of this study was to address gaps in knowledge regarding monarch and queen butter. Yet the whole process of host plant selection and host plant specificity amongst insects depends on behavior, and selection for behavioral differences must be a prime factor in the evolution of host plant specificity. When selecting host plants, insects may use a variety of senses, such as the sense of smell olfaction, taste, vision, and touch.
Testing hostplant driven speciation in phytophagous. The ecology of host selection behavior in phytophagous insects. Therefore, the emergence of specific insecthost plant relationships most likely results from evolutionary changes in the insects chemosensory systems. Host selection in phytophagous insects host selection in phytophagous insects thorsteinson, a j 19600101 00. Hostplant selection by phytophagous insects springerlink. Thus, host plant selection affects damage directly by regulating the amount of feeding, and indirectly by influencing acceptance of bait. Many insects, like caterpillars and leaf beetles, feed on plants. Olfactory mechanisms of host selection in phytophagous insects. Host specialization in phytophagous insects annual. Feeding and nutrition of the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum harris, with special reference to amino acids. The insects are equipped with sensory receptors enabling them to perceive these stimuli. This process is thought to have given birth to the astonishing diversity of phytophagous insects and is often put forward in macroevolutionary scenarios of. Mechanisms of hostplant selection colonization hostplant selection by phytophagous insects may be the result of colonization events rather than reciprocal evolution or cospeciation.
Some of these species establish populations and in some cases become invasive, causing economic and. Host plant selection involve important behavioural approaches between insects and their host plants. Olfaction is typically the most important sensory modality during the first two steps, whereas contact chemoreception dominates the. A general model for host plant selection in phytophagous insects. Concepts in insect hostplant selection behavior and their.
The sequence of steps in host selection includes habitat location. The choice of host plants is determined both at the egglaying and larvalfeeding stages. Adaptation to feeding on different hostplant species can potentially lead to ecological specialization of populations and subsequent speciation. Olfactory mechanisms of host selection in phytophagous. Host plant selection by romalea microptera orthoptera. Larval host preference and suitability for the saw. If the larvae or nymphs feed on plants, the insect mother usually lays her eggs on a host plant. It describes the patterns of host plant use, the chemical features of the host plant which determine their selection, the physiology of the insect sensory system, and insect behaviour, with an emphasis on the mechanism. Because phytophagous insects and their green hostplants dominate terrestrial biodiversity, theories which can explain hostplant selection by phytophagous. Host plant selection by insects is often divided into host plant finding. Frequencydependent host choice by phytophagous insects. The specialization in host use would be one of the scenarios in the evolutionary process of feeding habits in phytophagous insects, because the evolution of host plant use was a highly dynamic process. This book, containing 8 chapters, focuses on the behaviour of hostplant selection by plant feeding insects. For oligophagous and polyphagous insects, the selection of a suitable host plant is essential to ensure their development insects 2020, 11, 76.
The chinaberry tree, melia azedarack linnaeus, is said to be such a curiosity painter 57. The book also discusses the role of genetic variability in host. Larval transcriptomic response to host plants in two. Hostplant selection by phytophagous insects elizabeth a. Variable plants and herbivores in natural and managed systems. Kairomone a chemical substance, such as a pheromone, which is emitted by one individual. Brue s bussey institute, harvard university the instinctive behavior exhibited by phytophagous insects in the selection of their foodplants is always a. The sequence of steps in host selection includes habitat location, host location, host acceptance, and host use.
The presence of conspecific or interspecific individuals may influence the selection of a host plant by ovipositing phytophagous females bernays and chapman 1994. R f chapman focuses on the behaviour of hostplant selection by plantfeeding insects. Before a phytophagous insect can directly interact with its hostplants, the plant first must be found. Adaptive patterns of hostplant selection by phytophagous. Host marking behavior in phytophagous insects and parasitoids. Host plant quality and fecundity in herbivorous insects caroline s. The first book that focuses on the behaviour of hostplant selection by plantfeeding insects, the authors cover the patterns found in nature and the chemical features of plants that determine host selection. However, the central link of host plant finding, thought. The study of host plant selection by phytophagous insects has been important in theories of resource use and whether it should be flexible in ecological or evolutionary time. Consequently, locating an appropriate hostplant is the first and most essential step in any insectplant interaction.
During the past centuries, humans have introduced many plant species in areas where they do not naturally occur. Hostplant selection by phytophagous insects is largely determined by adult insects choosing the developmental location of offspring. The outcome of this allocation yields the patterns of hostplant selection or food plant preferences that we observe among phytophagous insects. In nature, phytophagous insects di er in their degree of specialization on host plants, and range from strictly monophagous species to extremely polyphagous species 68. Vision should not be overlooked as an important sensory. Random colonization events of novel hostplants would result in completely random cladogram patterns when the plant and herbivore phylogenies are compared.
For this reason, substantial research has been done on sensory aspects of. Evolutionary transition in symbiotic syndromes enabled. The discrimination among host plants previously infested or damaged has been comprehensively reported in many species that attack flower, fruit, and seed. Host plant selection is mainly a behavioral process which is governed primarily by chemoreception. Some phytophagous insects eat a variety of plant species, while others specialize in eating only one, or just a few. Yet the whole process of hostplant selection and hostplant specificity amongst insects depends on behavior, and selection for behavioral differences must be a prime factor in the evolution of hostplant specificity. Phytophagous insects on native and nonnative host plants. Chemical ecology foraging and food choice in phytophagous insects chapman, r. Bernays, 97804120311, available at book depository with free delivery worldwide. Read a general model for host plant selection in phytophagous insects, journal of theoretical biology on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Secondly, literature on host plant selection of phytophagous insects revealed that concentrating on a particular species enables information about the environment to be processed more efficiently. Hostplant selection by phytophagous insects contemporary. Larval case architecture and implications of hostplant.
This text covers the patterns found in nature and the chemical features of plants that determine host selection. Encyclopedia of life support systems eolss foraging and food choice in phytophagous insects chapman, r. Growth, host selection, oviposition preference, papilio, life history covariance abstract the relationship between oviposition preference and growth, survival, and reproduction of offspring is the crux of the problem in the evolution of host associations between phytophagous insects and plants. Hostplant seictionby phytophagous insects contemporary topics in entomology series editors thomas a. One study suggests that the nervous system of specialist phytophagous insects is quite simple which has less capability to detect multiple host plants. Why are phytophagous insects typically specialists. The hostplants on which these insects feed and often spend parts of their life cycle constitute ideal agents of divergent selection for these organisms. Combining the community approach and the biogeographical approach.
Evolutionary transition in symbiotic syndromes enabled diversification of phytophagous insects on an imbalanced diet. Current hypotheses propose that learning may be advantageous in adult host selection b. Adaptation to the nutritional quality of the new host plant is a secondary process. Frequencydependent host choice by phytophagous insects and the evolution of plant defence strategies a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in botany in the university of canterbury by. The hostplant selection sequence of phytophagous insects can be divided into three steps. Hostplant selection by phytophagous insects book, 1994.
This was first recognized in parasitoids and later in phytophagous insects e. Adaptive patterns of hostplant selection by phytophagous insects. We develop a general theoretical framework for exploring the host plant selection behaviour of herbivorous insects. For example, a change in host use may involve a change in specificity how many different resources are acceptable or a change in preference which of a limited number of. Most phytophagous insects have morphological, behavioral and physiological adaptations allowing them to specialize on one or a few plant species. The host plant selection behaviour of phytophagous insects provides a variety of re lated questions at a number of levels futuyma.